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Is China buying up Africa?
By Samuel Burke, CNN
The world's second superpower is pouring billions of dollars into Africa, running oil and mining firms all over the continent.
China is constructing everything from roads and bridges to stadiums and important government buildings.
The headquarters of the African Union, perhaps the most important political building in Africa, was built entirely with Chinese money, to the tune of $200 million.
And while China is aggressively investing in Africa, the U.S. appears to be sitting on the sidelines. China has passed the U.S. to become Africa's biggest trading partner.
Xi Jinping became China's new leader just two weeks ago and right now Xi is in Africa as one part of his first trip abroad as president.
Africa is the world's fastest growing market and has the world's richest mineral reserves, so obviously there's money to be made. But do the Chinese want more?
Some argue that this is a new form of colonialism – a repeat of Africa's hated past.
Nigeria's central bank governor recently said, “China takes our primary goods and sells us manufactured ones. This was also the essence of colonialism. Africa is now willingly opening itself up to a new form of imperialism."
Many Africans see a thin line between capitalism and colonialism.
Ian Bremmer is the president of the Eurasia Group and he told CNN’s Ali Vleshi that both Africans and Chinese are getting the benefit of this trade and investment
“Clearly the Chinese are not picky where they invest. They typically go places that the West doesn't have as much.”
As a consequence, Bremmer says the Chinese tends to invest in less developed places that are less democratic and more authoritarian. In those regions, the African governments may be seeing a lot of cash, but their people are seeing a lot less.
“The Chinese clearly are getting what they want in the deal either way,” Bremmer said.
Even in more democratic countries, the people may be uneasy with the Chinese presence. Bremmer recounted a Nigerian official who told him that the Chinese were by far the most effective trade partner that the Nigerians had – much more so than the United States because the Chinese write checks, plus they are willing to come in and build infrastructure.
And the African governments may prefer this, because unlike the U.S. investment, China doesn’t come with strings attached.
“In the last couple days, Xi Jinping has been down in Africa and he made it very clear that when China comes to Africa, there will not be any political strings. And he's clearly implying that while the United States wants you to be democratic, they want you to pay attention to human rights. So, my God, the Chinese won't do that.”
But Bremmer said there actually are a different set of strings attached.
“The Chinese quid pro quo typically involves lots of Chinese content, lots of Chinese labor that they're sending over to these countries to work, which hurts local unemployment issues. And of course, the availability of commodities, including food, to be exported to China. There's sometimes a Faustian bargain in these countries.”
It appears to be coming without geopolitical or other strategic interest, other than economic gain for China.
“I think it is ultimately good for Africans because Africa is getting governed better," Bremmer said. "Fifty percent of Africa's 1.1 billion people now live in cities. Their women are getting educated. As that happens, you start to see better demographics. They're more sustainable. There's less poverty, of course, and the government improves. And when the government improves, the investment starts looking less colonial.”
Bremmer said if one day China's investments places like Nigeria come full circle and start looking more colonial, “that government has no one but themselves to blame.”
@camanpour on Twitter
Maybe we should read the yahoo news "Malaysia, not China, is Asia's top investor in Africa" first.
Yes, they've bought Ghana. We are learning the Chinese language because it will be the only means of communication. I believe our next president will come from China. May God help Africa.
So which language are you currently speaking?
will be = future tense....
He's just expressing his concern.
The people in Africa consider the U.S.A as a colonial power. The U.S relations with Israel make these countries feel uneasy toward the Americans .Also, the African people know that China has no plans to exploit their countries and it would be fair with them in its economic investments.
The naivete in your opinion is shocking to me. China never does ANYTHING without strings attached. Their own country is so impossibly polluted that even the Chinese people are starting to object, so now they are wishing to suck Africa dry of all its resources – to say nothing of the horrendous slaughter of its wildife, which is being killed and the parts shipped to China at an appalling rate, and with the demise of the wildlife, will come the demise of the tourist trade. China doesn't respect the health and wellbeing of its own people, and it certainly won't do anything to benefit the average African. They will build the big highways to crisscross Africa, the better for them to extract all of Africa's riches – living or not – and Africans will find themselves to be poorer than ever. They will be left with a polluted land with only the ghosts of its wildlife remaining, highways to nowhere, resources plundered, environment irretrieveably raped and desolate. The Chinese are paying, all right........they've determined exactly the right price needed to purchase Africa's soul. No one dances with the devil and wins. No. One.
I couldn't agree with you more. By the time 2100 AD rolls around, China will have found a new place to park their second billion people, which will rapidly turn into a third and fourth. Good luck finding anymore Africans in Africa after that. Slavery always starts out with a show of force, its just in this case that show of force is economic.
Very well stated. People seem to be unable to grasp that which is obvious.
"No one dances with the devil and wins. No. One."
...the devil = usa...
The Chinese cannot solve the problems in Africa or anywhere the world because this world is in the hand of Satan the opposer with his designs such as greed, selfishness and wickedness. Gods rulership is the solution of humankind problems. So we all should pray and look to the new world of Gods kingdom that will come. Think of some of the foretold visible blessings, Perhaps a perfect body, ample healthful food, peaceful animals, or secure housing, good spiritual and emotional health. Without that, all other joys would soon fade.
The Chinese are building schools, hospitals, affordable apartments, and sports facilities for the African people, they are building factories and agriculture tech centers in African to help African people to develop manufacturing and farming, and they are inviting young African people to study in China with scholarship sponsorship.
Melinda, for the 100s of years Africa has dealth with USA and Europe, could tell of any benefit that has been in Africa's favour? The west plundered Africa resources and in return supplied guns and weapons for their on destruction. At independence, Ghana wanted the help of USA to build a dam(akosombo), until Ghana turned to the Russians, the west did not want to help. if you realise, Africa's new found love with China has changed the rhetoric of most western countries because they are beginning to lose out.
the Chinese might not be angels but I know they are much straight forward with their intentions than the USA, UK, French and the Italians. whiles you analyze how much China is plundering Africa, you failed to realise that USA and Europe is running to China for bailouts. Didn't America borrow heavily from China in 2008 to escape the credit crunch? nobody has a choice with the Chinese.
It is interesting to read the point and counterpoints. Probably Americans see themselves as the great saviors and benefactors when they have done nothing except profiteer with the exceptions of charities. Yet they can point fingers at China. China has many problems, but in context at best it is all deuce. In another part of the world, why does Hamas have local support? From unbiased reports, it is because they help people not just profit from them. Such is life's one-sided vision.
Well said and well written.Thats about the size of it.
now now there, hold on a second you oracle. Writing a huge paragraph with decent vocabulary does not make you right. You speak of naivety but you don't sound particularly wise either. Your "arguments" if they can be called so, are totally bias and purely conjectured by the know-it-all facade you are trying to appear. Your whole paragraph was so illogical and stupid that you don't even deserve a longer response.
PS: by the way, good try with the metaphor at the end about the devils. It totally made your comment legitimate.
you mean that chinese is intend on violating afirans? are you jokking? the ecnomic developing has its own rule ,that usa always judge other country's thought by their own value . china also need develop ,need market .if you guys take all chinese's action as kinds of aggressive plans . Anything will be bad!
so in your own opinion, is it better if US attacks the whole of Africa with its superior Army and takes control of the resources or is it better if Chinese keep on paying for what they take from our motherland with good infrastructure, access to education, respect for sovereignty just to mention a few?? why do you Americans think you were sent to this world as angels yet realistically you are devils??
Dr. Mohamed, brother don't be so naiive as to think China has no need for Africa. Are you really that optimistic? China invests shrewdly and has absolutely no empathy for Africa or Africans or anyone else. Same as America. In the name of humanity and economic development these aggressors walk in with greatest of intentions and pretend to be AID agencies, then they will set foot and never leave. Only to leave your countries without border, causing tribal conflicts and hence sell you their weapons to fight each other. They come and prepare you and your land with opportunities but only give some of you what you need causing explosive consumption levels and trickling down the need to spend. The income distribution will wind up varied among different tribes and classes of people and war will emerge, China and its likes will be the victors who will sell warfare to people. An amazing opportunity for a virgin market: WEAPONS.
A lot people didn't know(pretend not to know) the Chinese were there 600 years ago and did no harm to Africa!
The US and Western Europe enslaved and stole Africa's mineral resources.At least the Chinese are buying.Good.
Huh! Another naiive soul! Please!!! Building schools and hospitals only will make Africans who are on the receiving end of AID, the recipients of unequal distribution of wealth and technology. How do Chinese know what African's need? How many years of study have they done to know what is the felt need? Europeans and Americans have done their raping and pillaging share in Africa and now it is Chinese' turn. Please stop being so juvenile about this whole charade.
Remember how the stimulus package was used around the world to improve the recession hit economies?
Well the chinese investment in Africa is like the same, The more money that comes into africa the more beneficial it will be.
If china is constructing bridges, buildings and hospitals, they will have knock on effects. You will not understand it right now. The Development of Africa is linked to the development of China.
well after the Americans and Europeans raped Africa they left nothing but weapons for Africans to kill each other with while taking away the best labor and brains with them.. At least china will leave a few roads, a few schools. a few railway lines and a few airports for Africa. not forgetting the technological transfer which the Americans thought( or still think) they monopolize...
Well, at least the Chinese are paying, huge improvement compared to Africa's previous experience with colonialism, slavery, exploitation.
They are readying these poor people to start wars amongst themselves hence dumping their weapons and selling them their murder tools. Where else China could dump their warfare? Russia? Korea? Iran? Nope! It's Africa, the best place for dumping.
Which country is the biggest weapon exporter in today's world? 🙂
Leave China alone: China is finding the construction of three major dams in Nigeria at the costs of over 10 billion dollars. China is investing 5 billion in Nigeria Railways. China imported 1.6 billion metric tonnes of cassava from Nigeria and other commodities . China has invested over 5 billion dollars to remodel 6 Nigerian airports. Need I say more? China is welcomeiin Africa.
The only thing you can buy from America and Europe nowadays is debt.
lol!!!
I think this will be the best thing for Africa because unfortunely the african race only knows 1 thing corruption and self enrichment. The Chines know one thing build build and make money which will mean the chinese rule and the africans work and if they working they cannot be corrupt
The Chineese and Malaysians deserve a special mention in the provision of much needed infrastructures in Africa and Nigeria in particular. They have their shortcomings, but are very reliable trade partners. They are very good managers, investors and industrialists. I salute them for not allowing the ship of state to grind to a halt. I dough my hat for them!
i dont know how i feel about the infrastructure projects being main government buildings.
i could be wrong, i kinda like china, but i wouldn't want a foreign government building my government's official buildings what with technology nowadays and the temptation of spying
though to be fair, china could simply be paying the tab and local companies are doing the design and construction all in house and with oversight
CNN Breaking News: Rescuers dig through rubble seeking missing in Tanzania building collapse. See http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/29/world/africa/tanzania-building-collapse/index.html
So please be careful what you are wishing for, if the local design, construction, and quality inspection companies are not doing a good job.
Wait until the Chinese made Weapons come in..
In Nigeria, Chinese nationals have succeeded in flooding our markets with sub-standard products. They're everywhere on the streets of Lagos and other major cities hustling.
Why the Nigerian people keep buying made-in-China products? Why are there hundreds of thousands of Nigerians travelling between Nigeria and China, doing business and make big money? Why there are still so many Chinese products in the local market if no one like it?
China is just a good servant dedicated to follow in the foot-steps of his master, – thus – "the greedy West in the White Skin."
Ayikoo China, God bless the good servant,
The whites sucks, what good are they from the past to the presence? They thought they are superior just because they are white. Now the world see them in troubles purely because of their greed and it is hard to slave and exploit others now a day. Keep the distance far away from them the further the better.
Good job China!
The Chinese are superior..
The White Man is very afraid
When I was in Kenya last year I spoke to many locals and they said that China has made deals with the Kenyan government to build roads and infrastructure with the stipulation that Kenya will provide oil at a decreased/minimal cost to China. Though the locals said they didn't like how segregated the Chinese were (using only Chinese men for jobs that qualified Kenyans could do, socializing only with one another and separating into exclusive neighborhoods). They appreciated the improvements that they have brought to their country. But they are completely aware that without the oil, the Chinese have no interest in investing in their country.
Where is the story here – Africa needs investment. China is providing it. Up to Africans to decide. Maybe if they can see a future in their own continent it will stop boatloads of them washing up on Europe's shores.
I hope China follow the example of the European, colonized Africa.
You will be disappointed. They won't. 😀
There goes all the wild life in Africa!!! Chinese will eat them or make trinkets out of them!!!
chinese are not same as whites.......
one of the most racist countries in the world (china) is in the process of stripping africa worse that any european colonial power. Chinese despise africans but business is business. Even though you can see new roads and buildings going up in west africa, a rape is taking place but the realization will be delayed. The chinese are smart and even more ruthless than the worst of the african leaders..... The people will be bribed with new football stadiums , and the african leaders will be bribed with....... Bribes.
China's strategic view is to loot any country outside the control of the European Nations... Take for example Honkong. Most pathetically Burma (now Myanmar)... Tibet on the sdelines as well... India will not spare either... We witness Chinese goods intrude to the very remote places in India... China has emerge as the new threatening empire in this nuclear age... Beware!!!!
Chinese investment in African wont help Africans because the world power always look for who to exploit. African may think they are favored but Chinese will have there selfish interest like the West did. Chinese as an emerging world power knows that they have to exploit developing countries to be the number one World power. The west disappointed Africans and they are suffering for it because their economic will meltdown and they will come begging Africans for partnership. Chinese investment in Africa is a wake-up call for the Africans and the West to rise up and fix there problem because USA remain the best oppressor and I can't imagine world power in the hands of Chinese
american people go anywhere nothing help local but kill and destroy,just look around there many country in this world against U.S.A
The USA is now the biggest weapon exporter, and every year export a large number of weapons to Afria. It is the direct reason for the unstablility of Africa and the world. USA is the biggest killer in the world!
Come here to grasp the reality of the dynamism of China Africa Trade at the individual level. That's a fact brothers. Trade not Aid is the way, not so Mr Clinton? Sometime last year France sold 3billion US $ worth of Niger Uranium to China. Tell me, when France trade in African wealth with the Chinese that's jolly good and normal business but the Africans can't do it directly. Wake up Bro's.
What an enjoyable read... All these postings are fascinating. Opinions, jabber, facts,...its all here.
Its a shame our nation (USA) has to stir trouble, over-react and go into countries for years with killings and bombings and plan ole murders and all the while blowing up our nation treasure. China meanwhile has been able to sit back and pretend to be the reasonable one and urge calm and sober minds to squabbling parties. While doing this, they steal our technology, save their monies and/or invest in other countries (Africa) as the peaceful one... I'm not sure I buy just how peaceful they really are. We should get our own house in order and care only for our citizens wellbeing (not just welfare or food stamps).
Let's balance our budget, get spending inline with revenues to support it, and stop spending fortunes on wars here and there
...come quick ye saints of our Lord~
One of the best roads in my state was constructed by a china group. The sciençe, precision, durability, delivery and cost is an offer others can never make. The social elements in thier conduct is more big brotherly and friendly. Jimmy carter regreted not investing in africa, clinton and obama pledged to do more but china has been on ground without talking.
I wonder why the west think that they should always comment about African development, we don't comment about their development! If it were not for their stupid colonization, I would have been commenting in my mother tongue. Who knows, we would have invented our own government and technology! Now after messing with the whole system, they still have the guts to comment on the little that we have done. It is time that Africans have faith and be able to defend their countries good or bad! At the end of the day, no matter where you are US, Europe or Asia, Africa will be home and you will always be different. Make your countries better for your children and stop wasting time defending the views of other developed nations!
It's always somebody else's fault that sub-Saharan Africa has been unable to develop itself.
the first thing to start with i want all african to remember or many years the west started to do bussiness with africa.over 500 years ago let ask hour selies what the leave behand no thing.i remember whan i was a small boy the chinese live in my village .at the time my village is the best village the tire country the build school hospital dam good water supply etc.as for me i prefile the chinese dan the west and usa the went to africa to abuse us defriate ways to day there talk about democrazy.good bless china if hour brothers in the west the stupid we in africa were are not stupid
we choose the lesser evil, the west always want to exploit, the chinese are much better compared to us and uk,
The wold has been looting and raping the bread basket for centuries.
Africa at a cross road! In the 1980s and 1990s Europe and America closed down most investments in sub saharan Africa and moved to south east Asia thereby creating a gap for the Indians 1st, Lebaneese and now China to fill. There are no free money to oil the wasteful lifestyle of the West today and the economies are crumbling. Instead of blaming themselves they blame Africa for embracing Asia. The West and Asia are not Africa's friends and they will never be one. The relationship has been exploitative and will not change. Africa needs homegrown solutions and its possible. If only we can be more patrotic. There are enough resources (natural, human, scientific etc) within Africa to bail herslf out. Corruption and impunity must stop! Africa wake up and open your eyes, only Africa can save Africa.
Dear Mr. burke: "IRRESPONSIBLE JOURNALISM" should be your name. What did you do before US invaded Iraq? What are you saying to Iraqi situation now? How many tens of thousands of Iraqi people have been killed? How much damage has been made there since the war started? Most of all, who are the ones controlling the oil wells there now?
All the people in the world are not blind. They see, and know who is the world wide aggressor right now.
Even if the Chinese is "buying" the Africa (the fact is they are not), it is still way better than US. We just send the troops in. Or, like in Syria, send in the "armed rebels" in.
Here is the question, how come US citizens are not aware of all the wrong and aggressive things our country is committing to the wolrd? You, the irresponsible journalists, are the # 1 collaborator with those "few" rotten tomatoes in our government. Where is our noble nature and spirit of our once proud journalism?
One of our grave dangers for this country is that almost all of our media and journalist have been owned by money.
That's democracy. And USA has the 'freest' media in the world, owned by the Jews and Israel. Truth hurts, I know.
The worst thing that has ever happened to mankind is the absolute abuse and exploitation (Pillage) of Africa by the West and till today 6oo years on the West are still doing the same thing without apology.Sadly the West have no moral standings to play JUDGE & JURY about humanrights or exploitation .The West only left disease,war and division in Africa while at least the Chinese are looking at Africa as trading partners and if possible their future home.ONE THING THAT HAS TO BE UNDERSTOOD IS THAT THERE WILL BE NO EXPLOITATION OF AFRICA TODAY THAT WON'T HAVE AN EARLY VIOLENT END AS THERE IS SEMI-ANARCHY ALREADY IN MOST PART OF AFRICA.
", but will the African people reap the rewards?" If we take a look at the relations between Africans and colonization by Western countries, there was no progress or improvement for the tribes in Africa. They were driven out of prime farmland and the European settlers became the owners and enjoyed the wealth that the land produced. China's historical experience with Africa is more different than the Europeans and the Africans are more adaptable to changes and relations with China since her foreign policy is predicated on mutual benefit and respect instead of apartheid and violent oppression.
West instilled the puppet leaders into the African's gov't. Is a win-win for the West, as they exploit the continent. Do business with China, the African leaders can now do good to the local people. Learn a thing or two of "Economy Hitman".
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFC18pFvo1g
This too:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqIHKWd9rSc
Aren't there a lot of Chinese products in the U.S. America are has all Chinese product all over da place
My goodness, I am ovmlwhereed at the replies and good assistance with this poem. I am the original asker for the translation and I did provide that image. Thanks, Shie-shie, to all who replied. It has been a rewarding and wonderful time. Please let me tell you all, Professor C.C. Cheng of the University of Illinois gave great assistance with this also he is a great modern scholar andChinese expert.
Chris and Dale, Thank you for sharing the poohts with us. They are so adorable we now need to play with them. Now we want to see the boys!! Lots of love you have really been blessed.
The chinese are everywhere – they get into countries on false pretenses.
The Chinese are everywhere not because they enter a country under false pretenses but because when they see individuals like you sleeping on the job, they know that through hard work that they will be able to adapt and make it in the host country.
The problem is that,whatever China is paying, the others will have to pay a higher price to compete
China is using the money from sales to the US to undermine US influence and sales to Africa and European and South American countries Our citizens are paying them to do it by buying their inferior quality and over priced products
china will buy africa n will b called chinafrica
At least they are 'openly' paying for 'access' to African resources! Instead of the corruption of "Western interests" that has kept Africa in chains for 600 years and left nothing for the 'people'.
If China builds a road, its because they 'expect' to put cars on it, huh? The only roads the Imperialists built was to extract whatever suited them, whenever it suited them.
So 'that' is what AFRICOM is for; ...to maintain the 'status quo' of colonial corruption. Terrorism can be an 'excuse' for anything!
China is America, death will come.
being a Kenyan.. the biggest infrastructure the US has build in Kenya in the last 100 years is the American Embassy in which 99.9 percent of Kenyans are not allowed.. Long live KIBAKI long live UHURU KENYATTA long live CHINA...
China is becoming Africa's new colonial masters. When will Africans unite and don't allow themselves to be raped again. It saddens me China does nothing for nothing . They take all the resources and bring in their own workers. There are no standards to protect workers. I call on African leaders to please start looking after the people and stop lining your pockets. Selling out to China will in no way benefit Africa.
Well, the Chinese government is only offering Africa what the West has failed to offer. We now see the Chinese offer loans to African nations without any apparent crippling effects like the IMF does. So with this kind of offer you don't expect Africans to refuse this good deal.....but of cause the West won't sit by to watch that happen because whoever controls Eurasia and Africa, controls the world....so be rest assured the West is watching....or what do you actually think AFRICOM is there for?
Ethiopia.
Why are you focusing in China investing in Africa. America have trillions of Debit from China. So see yourself first... It is time for Africa. so better to be silent.
USA was raped by the bankers in 2008 and their tax money goes to Israel. Americans should blame themselves. Learn that, you lost child.
The west still prefered south Africa the economy destination of Africa because of the white aparthied influence until recent year the table turn where other African countries contest with south Africa to becoming the continent economy power house. The west can say whatever pleases them about China taken over Africa. .In the last 20 years trade with China compared to 100 years Africa trade with the West drawn very huge benefits contrast of progress with china and Africa and vese versa .The relationship between China and Africa should continues and if the west having interest to compete they are very welcome on board.. The gold minning former british colony Gold coast now Ghana was exploited with little to nothing to change the lives of the colony Ghana.. The west interest was imperialism and hence forth each country could choose any country to trade with if it is favourable.
The Chinese are doing well, the yellow man may be cunning and smart, so African should be at alert, however I commend the Asians, If not for their genius in mass marketing the white man Invention at an incredible low price with same Quality (compare Techo tablet with apple for example) most of the gap between the High Tech White and the poor Africans will not have been bridged. Long Live China.
It'll be very hard to easier entire nation. Chinese genes aren't that strong to begin with. Anyway We will have to see because Africa has to do something to try to move forward to improve their economy. If you have resources and valuable material thats around you that you can make money off of why not try to get paid. I do hope this works for Africa because the US isnt going to invest a dime in Africa like that.
China may be buying up companies and land in Africa , but it has never helped and is not helping in keeping the peace anywhere in Africa . China never helps in International interventions , its only there to pillage the continent.
They are incapable of helping African countries to develop an equitable and democratic countries
Money was poured in many countries in Africa by the West , yet after independence etc , much infrastructure was not maintained or developed .
Any another thing to note is why Africans prefer to go to Europe , often as illegal immigrants , and do not want to go to rich organised African countries .
despite all that Africa has turned out to be China's dumping ground for its sub standard and unwanted goods
Everyone likes to invest where there is business and chance other issues aside, so why not China? may be their terms are better- but they should continue with the objective of providing real benefits to local contractors such as they did in the Standard Gauge Railway project where 40% of work will be done by local contractors – http://constructionreviewonline.com/2014/08/22/87-teams-equipment-arrive-kenya-construction-standard-gauge-railway/
This is the link for above please, if you would – 40% of work to be given to local contractors in the Standard Railway Gauge project
nobody is talking about the young educated African. they are not fools and will not stand for any form of colonisation. leave the US and its media to continue their geopolitical fight. it has brought them to Africa where they both think they should control. but I tell you neither will or can control us. it is but an illusion, gone are the days when africa was manipulated. the generation of old corrupt and gullible leaders is fast dwindling. a new breed of leaders is taking over. thus Africa is changing despite what some blind people think.
Yes, Africa should maintain a moral framework. Once we stop pushing or pulling the apple cart, rather BUCK it over; tis a drag to pick up the apples! The Africans do need to be cautious and an effective "Rule of Law" will assist if a Faustian dance is. If other nations wish to violate African sovereignty, then that nation will not get the goods! Simple wisdom such as "feed them a fish, then teach them to fish" is applicable in Africa. Play some Confucius cards with the Chinese if they want a good head game - or are the Chinese real?! And what are the Chinese willing to 'fess up to long term? What will other ideologies learn from this interaction? Can Africa use the demand of supply to cause Constructivism rather than manipulation.? This is a year of Jubilee; announcing a "War on Poverty"!
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